Investigación en salud ¿sexo inclusiva o no sexo inclusiva?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35830/mcya.vi26.640Palabras clave:
dimorfismo sexual, equidad de género, ciencia médicaResumen
Muchas investigaciones clínicas se han realizado casi exclusivamente en hombres y la subrepresentación de mujeres podría generar tanto datos sesgados como implicaciones negativas para la salud humana. Se argumentan los posibles riesgos durante la lactancia, el embarazo y, en general, durante la edad reproductiva como justificación para la exclusión de mujeres en estudios clínicos. Pasando de los estudios con personas a estudios en animales y a nivel celular, no hay una razón científica válida que justifique que la investigación preclínica en modelos animales o líneas celulares no tome en cuenta las diferencias sexuales. Solo recientemente se ha señalado la relevancia de las diferencias sexuales (dimorfismo sexual) en ratas documentando diferencias de propensión al dolor crónico, estados anímicos, estrés, osteoporosis, resistencia al castigo, así como variaciones cíclicas en hembras de mamíferos que no presentan los machos. Sin embargo, otros estudios muestran que no hay diferencias entre machos y hembras respecto a la respuesta a drogas. Estos resultados justifican la inclusión del sexo como variable en estudios en salud tanto en humanos, animales y a nivel celular, lo cual no solo entraña incluir hombres y mujeres o machos y hembras en las investigaciones, sino tomar en cuenta genes, hormonas, ambiente y comportamiento para el planteamiento metodológico, el análisis y las conclusiones.
Descargas
Citas
Aranäs, C., Edvardsson, C.E., Shevchouk, O.T., Zhang, Q., Witley, S., Sköldheden, S.B., Zentveld, L., Vallöf, D., Tufvesson-Alm, M. & Jerlhag, E. (2023). Semaglutide reduces alcohol intake and relapse-like drinking in male and female rats. eBioMedicine 93: 104642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104642
Barattini, A. E., Montanari, C., Edwards, K.N., Edwards, S., Gilpin, N.W. & Pahng, A.R. (2023). Chronic inflammatory pain promotes place preference for fentanyl in male rats but does not change fentanyl selfadministration in male and
female rats. Neuropharmacology 231:109512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.10951_2
Becker, J.B. & Koob, G. F. (2016). Sex difference in Animal Models: Focus on Addiction. Farmacological Reviews 68: 242-263, http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/pr.115.011163
Cheng, C.H., Chen, L.R. & Chen, K.H., (2022). Osteoporosis due to hormone imbalance: an overview of the effects of estrogen deficiency and glucocorticoid overuse on bone turnover. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031376
CIOMS-Council for International Organization of Medical Science (2016). International Ethical Guidelines for Healthrelated Research Involving Humans, Geneve
Fan, J., Dalong, Z., Jiang, Y., Yu, L., Han, B. & Qian, Z. (2023). The effects of PPARy inhibitor on bones and bone marrow fat in aged glucocorticoid-treated female rats. Experimental gerontology 181: 112281, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2023.112281_
Fournier , A. F.,BarbaVila, O. & Le Moine, C. (2023). Male and female rats show opiate withdrawal-induced place aversion and extinction in a Ymaze paradigm, Behavioural Brain Research 437: 114122, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114122
Gamble, T., & Zarkower, D. (2012). Sex Determination. Current Biology 22(8): R257-R262, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.02.054
Joel, D. & McCarthy, M.M. (2017). Incorporating Sex As a Biological Variable in Neuropsychiatric Research: Where Are We Now and Where Should We Be? Neuropsychopharmacology 42: 379-385. doi:10.1038/npp.2016.79
Kutash, L.A., Moschonas, E.H., O'Neil,D.A., Craine, T.J., Iouchmanov, A. L., Sunleaf, C.R., Nicholas, M.A., Grobengieser, K. O., Patel, A. K., Toader, M., Ranellone, T.S., Rennelfeldt, P.L., Cheng, J.P., Race, N.S., Kline, A.E., & Bondi, C.O. (2023). Sustained attention performance deficits in the three-choice serial reaction time task in male and female rats after experimental brain trauma. Brain research 1808: 148336, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148336_
Manke, H. N., Nunn, S.S., Jones, R.A., Rice, K.C. & Riley, A. L. (2023). Male and female C57BL/6 mice display drug-induced aversion and reward in the combined conditioned taste avoidance/conditioned place preference procedure. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 222:173562, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2023.173562
McElroy, B.D., Li, C., McCloskey, N.S., & Kirby, L. G. (2023). Sex differences in ethanol consumption and drinking despite negative consequences following adolescent social isolation stress in male and female rats. Physiology and Behavior 271:114322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114322
Murphy, Z. D., Mulugeta, R., Tran, A. & Ferguson, S.M. (2023). DREADD activation of the lateral orbitofrontal increases cocaine-taking and cocaine-seeking in male and female rats during intermittent access self-administration under risky conditions. Addiction Neuroscience 8:100122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addicn.2023.100122
Rivera-Rincón, N., Altindag, U.H., Amin, R., Graze, R.M., Appeal, A.G. & Stevison, L.S. (2024). Journal of Insect Physiology 153: 104616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104616
Shanazz, K., DixonMelvin, R., Nalloor, R., Thumar, R. & Vazdarjanova, A.I. (2022). Sex Differences In Avoidance Extinction After Contextual Fear Conditioning: Anxioescapic Behavior In Female Rats. Neuroscience 497: 146-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.06.031
Tanelian, A., Nankova, B., Hu, F., & Sabban, E. (2023). Microbiome as a Potential Mediator of Susceptibility or Resilience to Traumatic Stress in Male and Female Rats. Biological Psychiatry, May 1, 93:195-S296. DOI:10.1016/j.ynstr.2022.100461
Vedanayagam, J. (2025). Small RNA-mediated supression of sex chromosome meiotic conflicts during Drosophila male gametogenesis. Biochemical Society Transactions, 53: 281–291. https://doi.org/10.1042/BST20240344
Zakiniaeiz, Y. & Potenza, M.N. (2018). Gender related differences in addiction: A review of human studies. Current Opinion of Behavioral Sciences 23: 171-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2018.08.004
Zheng, C., Wei, L., Liu, B., Li, X., Gong, H. & Wang, Z. (2023). Dorsal BNST DRD2+ neurons mediate sex specific anxiety-like behavior induced by chronic social isolation. Cell Reports 42:112799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112799
Zhou, S.F., Li, Z.J., Zhao, T.S.,Liu, Y., Li, C.Q., Cui, Y. H. & Li, F. (2023). Female rats prefer to forage food from males, an effect that is not influenced by stress. Behavioural Brain Research 452: 114597, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114597
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2025 Milenaria, Ciencia y arte
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
